Best Screen shot

Best Screen shot

Dreams Understanding

The subconscious is usually the right side of the brain or the opposite side of the persons writing hand. Within the subconscious lie different types of things such as suppressed emotions, creativity, and basic human instinct (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). The conscious part of the mind works when people are awake and is the part of the mind that handles things that people can understand. No one truly knows why a person can't interact with the subconscious while awake, however studies show that dreams are a way in which people can better comprehend its behavior. The condition of the body during dreaming is interesting because the brain shuts off all sensory receptors thus, canceling all somatic impulses (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). This puts the body in an almost paraplegic state. The brain however continues to control all autonomic functions such as blood flow, heart pulsation, and lung inflation. During the sleep, homeostasis will fluctuate because sleep occurs on four stages (Davidmann, 1998). The individual goes from awake to stage 1, then to 2, 3, and finally 4, the deepest stage of sleep. After spending about twenty minutes in stage 4, they return to stage 1 and progress back to stage 4. The individual will continue to make these cycles throughout their sleep. Most individuals will experience about 4 to 5 cycles a night (Davidmann, 1998). This is why humans are more apt to wake up at specific times in the night and not sporadically (most people do not notice this however). During stage 1 the individual will experience what has been named REM (Rapid Eye Movement), I will make further elaboration on REM momentarily. For now I would like to point out that during REM the body will show more signs of consciousness by spontaneous muscle contractions, flagellate excretion, and oculomoter coordination (eye movement). The body will experience these tensions and reactions because this is the active time of sleep in the average human (Davidmann, 1998). I spoke earlier of REM (Rapid Eye Movement); it is the time in which the individual will have their dreams. Nathaniel Kleitman discovered it in 1953. It always occurs in the lightest stage of sleep, stage 1. It has been given its name because of the muscle contractions in the eye motor receptors. These electrical impulses originate from the brain stem and then travel to the eyes to produce imagery. The catalysts for these impulses are triggered by the subconscious mind and the emotions within it (Davidmann, 1998). The REM will usually begin ninety minutes after sleep is initiated and will last roughly ten to fifteen minutes (Davidmann, 1998). It is during the ten to fifteen minutes that dreams occur. The REM will end and the individual will slip into deeper sleeps, until the forth stage is reached. Once this occurs the mind begins to come out of the deeper sleep stages until it reaches the REM once again. The interesting factor is that each time the sleeper enters the REM phase of sleep the REM phase will increase in length. This repeats four to five times in the average sleep. The reason the dreams occur in the REM or the lightest stage is because this is the only stage in which the conscious mind can interpret the imagery of the subconscious. This is not to say that the subconscious doesn't remain active in deeper sleep stages but the conscious mind isn't alert enough to decipher the imagery the subconscious creates in deep sleep. A good personification description of this is to say that the conscious simply can't swim as deep as the subconscious. The REM is also interesting because if a person does not experience it they will suffer from various sleeping disorders because it is required by the body just like sunlight is required. People who experience exaggerated REM will suffer from fatigue and sleep depravation while they are awake. Usually, a fully-grown person has about 4 to 5 cycles of REM sleep, consisting of about 25% of a night's sleep. A newborn child's sleep can consist of as high as 50% REM type sleep (Davidmann, 1998). As I previously stated, a person would go through the sleep stage cycle four to five times a night, hence four to five dreams per night. With this in mind it can be calculated the average human being will have 136,000 dreams in a lifetime, spending about six total years in the REM stage dreaming. Mentally retarded individuals or people with low IQs tend to spend less time in the REM type sleep, but other mental disorders are capable of initiating more REM type sleep. The reason for this is unknown. Now that the diagnostics of dreams has been covered I would like to focus on the origin of dreams from a medical standpoint. As a consequence, memory, sensory, muscle-control, and cognitive areas of the brain are randomly stimulated, resulting in the higher cortical brain attempting to make some sense of it. The reason for these stimulations is unknown but various medical researchers believe they are the after effects of certain chemical reactions in the brain. This, according to the research, gives rise to the experience of a dream, but there is controversy of the question of whether dreams have intentional meaning. Many psychotherapists agree that dreams are stimulated by impulses from the brain stem but they have actual meaning and are not just hallucinations.

Ice Hockey

Many people in the U.S. have gained an interest in the rapidly growing sport ice hockey. Fans these days pack out stadiums to see their favorite team’s battle for victory on the ice. A hockey game can have a wide variety of spectators. A few examples are dating couples, families, partying guys (usually drunk singles), parents of the players, etc. It’s 7:30 on a Tuesday night February 23 1999 and Des Moines’ Metro Sports Ice Arena is packed out with fans waiting to see their Des Moines Buccaneers take on the North Iowa Huskies. Walking into the arena one can’t help but notice the cold, thin air that results from the ice. This is definitely sweatshirt material. Fans of all different shapes and sizes pushing to get into the small arena. As one would walk through the halls of this sports facility to get to their seats they would have to notice the old worn walls looking much like an unfinished basement that is a result of years of fans abuse. A loud roar fills the narrow halls as vendors that line walls are all competing and shouting for your business. These ammeter business people are selling anything from food and beer to hockey paraphernalia. Coming through the hallway into the stands one would notice the pin ups all around the walls that brag of the Buc’s past victory. The lines on the ice are freshly painted and the stands have been cleaned and are ready for night of hockey craze. After the rush is over the fans take their seats and wait for the announcing of the teams and then stand for the national anthem. I noticed three kids in front of me mocking the national anthem, which seemed suitable for a 12-14 year-old maturity level. The mother quickly grabs the closest one to stop the behavior. “If you don’t settle down this’ll be the last game you come to with me!” she said while squeezing the eldest’s arm. The referee drops the puck and the team captains’ battle for possession and that begins the first period. Already five minutes into the game and the Bucs score their first goal and fans go crazy as the announcement booth sounds the siren. But that wasn’t enough the Bucs are really giving the crowd a show as they score their second goal at 9:17 into the first period. Once again the fans are going crazy, chanting thing like “Go Bucs! and Defense!!” as their team begins to seal their victory. The Bucs have played a very physical game so far and finally get called on it. The official calls a 2:00 minute penalty on the Bucs for high-sticking. Just ten minutes into this action packed game and already these guys in front of me are drunk and disagree with the referee so they begin to shout and swear. “You blind son of bitch there’s no way that was high sticking” he shouts angrily to the ref as if it would have an affect on the officiating. Finally it gets so out of hand that a security guard hears the commotion and warns the not so gentlemen if they don’t calm down they’ll be asked to leave. As the second period nears the Huskies attempt their comeback with their first goal. Now the fans are pissed off and booing the officials because it wouldn’t have happened if the Bucs weren’t shorthanded. Even the mother and father of the boys in front of me are yelling obscenities. On that note the first period ends and the restrooms and the concession stands are flooded with impatient fans that want to get back to their seats. Spilt popcorn fills the hallway, as the janitors can’t even keep up with the mess. The second period begins and Huskies of North Iowa have really tightened up their defense creating a real struggle for the Bucs to get the puck in the defensive attack zone. The vendors trying to sell all of their concessions constantly interrupt my focus on the game. Period 2 seemed to be really boring because it was mainly shots on goal. But at the last minute the Bucs put one away and scored putting them at 3-1 in the end of the 2nd. Once again the stands empty and the bathrooms are full of people trying to take care of business. After the zamboni resurfaces the ice the announcer randomly selects three people by seat number to center ice. They have a contest shooting the puck from center ice into a smaller version of the hockey net. It looks really hard. One of the lucky contestants actually made it in and won the Grand-Prize, a brand new Jeep Wrangler. The fans all cheered her on and shared in her excitement. Finally into the third period and Bucs are at it again, giving them a nice padded lead at 4-1. And once again the sirens are sounded and the cockiness and arrogance fills the room as fans get wild. The frustration of North Iowa is very evident now and a fight breaks out between the players. Both teams are penalized 2:00 minute penalty for fighting leaving the teams four on four. Rounding toward the end of the game the Huskies are forced to pull their goalie if they want any chance in victory of this game. It seems as though their strategy is working and they begin to close in the gap. Are the Bucs going to choke the fans question themselves. The Huskies, struggling for a victory, lose possession of the puck and the Bucs score on an open net. Ending period three the fans leave the game satisfied with the outcome and a taste of victory.

Pearl Harbor

The bombing of pearl harbor could have been avoided and many lives could have been saved if the united states didn’t have over confidence in themselves, if the Americans would have kept better tract of Japanese intelligence, and if Roosevelt would of warned pearl harbor of his knowledge of it going to be attacked. Many things led up to the bombing of pearl harbor. The things that led up to the bombing started when japan started to make naval bases all over the territories it controlled. Roosevelt saw this as a threat to the United States so he decided to cut off their supply of natural resources. Roosevelt knew that without natural resources japan would not be able to last economically very long. In 1941 the United States tried to come to an agreement with japan to settle their differences. Japan wanted the untied states to keep supplying oil and for the United States to let japan go to war with china. The untied states refused to lift the oil embargo until japan would back off of their aggression with china. Neither country would agree to a settlement and war seemed like it was inescapable. (Pearl harbor conspiracy, 12) The many people in the United States knew that pearl harbor was going to be bombed, but nobody in Hawaii knew about the planned attack. Pearl harbor at the time before the bombing was very relaxed. “ Many people in pearl harbor had no clue about the Japanese plotting to bomb it because nobody was informed about it.”( ). “Many people had no idea that pearl harbor was going to be bombed” as Ruth Erickson says who was a nurse at the time of the bombing. She says: “ we did not know what to think when pearl harbor got bombed … We were sitting in the dining room on a Sunday morning having a late breakfast when all of a sudden we heard lots of gunshots and we saw a plane crash on the tennis court. We had no idea what had just happened.”() . Another man who had no idea that pearl harbor was going to be bombed is Lee Soury. He said “I just had breakfast and looked out the porthole window on the carrier I was on and I saw a couple planes flying overhead”. Someone shouted out”” what the hell are those planes doing up there on a Sunday.””…. I thought that they were just practicing bombing targets and I realized that they were dropping real bombs. I said to myself “” what idiot made the mistake of putting real bombs on the planes instead of fake bombs.”” Not long after I realized that they were Japanese fighter pilots who were bombing the aircraft carrier. I wandered what is going on. I had no Idea why the Japanese would be bombing pearl harbor. I thought this was odd. Then I realized that I had to evacuate ship because it had been torpedoed” ( Cavendish,543). Some major officials on the island knew about the plot of japan to bomb pearl harbor, but did not think that japan was capable of a plan like this, so they decide not to spread the word because they felt no major threat from japan. The united states also showed that they did not fear japan by not listening to the warnings of many people who had proof that japan was going to attack pearl harbor (Cavendish, 547). If the United States would have listened to the warnings and not have doubted the power of japan, the bombing of pearl harbor could have been avoided. There were many warning given by many different people. Here are a couple of the warnings that I found. One of the warnings was one given by the top British agent named Dusko Popov. “ he told the FBI of the planned attack on pearl harbor and that it would be very soon. The FBI told dusko that his information was too precise to be believed. The FBI said that the information he brought spelled out in detail when, where, how and why that they were going to be attacked. The FBI said it sounds like a trap so they didn’t listen to what dusko said (mother of all conspiracies,14.). IF the FBI would have listened to Dusko and examined his theory just a little more they would have noticed that Dusko was right. Another warning that was given was by a man named Kilsoo Haan. Kilsoo was an agent for the Sino Korean People’s League. Kilsoo had told Eric Severeid of CBS that the Korea underground in Korea and japan had proof that the Japanese were going to bomb pearl harbor before Christmas. Among all of this one Korean had actually seen the plans that the Japanese had to bomb pearl harbor. Kilsoo finally convinced the United States senator Guy Gillette that the Japanese were planning to attack in December or January. Gillette alerted the state department, army, and naval intelligence, and Franklin Roosevelt himself (Cavendish, 547). There were many warnings like these told to many important people. If the people would have believed these warnings many peoples lives could have been saved and a battle could have been stopped. The Japanese were very smart people. They were very good spies . The United States knew that Hawaii was full of Japanese spies but because of the United States constitutional rights we could do basically nothing about it. Japanese spies like Kohichi Seki, who was Honolulu’s consulate’s treasurer. Kohichi traveled all around pearl harbor taking notes about basically everything about the pearl harbor. Kohichi particularly paid very close attention to the United States warships and their aircraft carriers. Kohichi took notes about what times they come in and out of the harbor and were they usually stayed in they harbor. Because of spies like Kohichi the Japanese had a very good idea of what pearl harbor was like and what we be the best way to go for an attack.(road to pearl harbor,4) The Japanese spies helped out a lot in telling the Japanese counsel were the United States ships were at. The counsel did not think that this was very accurate information. After the Japanese counsel decided this japans naval intelligence asked Japan’s consul general in Honolulu for a grid of the exact location of American warships and aircraft carriers. The Japanese sent this message in code but in about an hour the American decoded the message. The officers who read the message saw this as a dead give away that pearl harbor was going to be bombed. The officers allowed Japan’s Honolulu general to send the message but they made him leave off the warships and aircraft carriers with a note that said “ it is not important right now as to were are warships and aircraft carriers are located (mother of all conspiracies, 17). The Japanese were also very intelligent in their many different ways of coding messages and making it so that only the other Japanese intelligence could decipher it. The Japanese had over ten codes at one time during World War 2. In the battle of pearl harbor they only used three codes. these three codes were the administrative code, which was for personal matters, the ultra code, which was used strictly for military maters, and the magic code, which was used for instruction on a battle. Luckily the American intelligence was able to decipher the most important of these codes which was the magic code. They deciphered this code using a machine called the purple machine. This machine was very good but took long amounts of time to decode sometimes the simplest of a code. A rumor got to the Japanese counsel that the magic code was being decoded in America but the counsel didn’t believe this because they thought that there code was superior( mother of all conspiracies,13) Many people believe that Roosevelt was to blame for the bombing of pearl harbor. They believe this because of all the warnings that Roosevelt received about pearl harbor going to be bombed and Roosevelt never acting on them and by how he told his secretary of war that he knew that pearl harbor was going to be bombed. now that most of these facts have been uncovered many people look at Roosevelt as a traitor. Some people believe that Roosevelt was to blame because of the numerous numbers of decoded messages that he received. Roosevelt’s two right hand mans at this time were naval chief Safford and army chief Friedman. These two men both said in later interviews after pearl harbor got bombed that Roosevelt ignored many of the codes that the purple machine decoded. One of the codes that Roosevelt disregarded as not being important said emperor Togos demands that he wanted or he would bomb pearl harbor. This was a 15-point paper that Roosevelt received of the demands Togo wanted. Once Roosevelt read to the 11th point he said “”this is war”” but never acted upon his statement. In a later interview chief Safford said that the Japanese emperor gave Roosevelt more than one chance to reply to the demands that he wanted (the road to pearl harbor,5).” Another reason people believe that Roosevelt was to blame for the bombing of pearl harbor was that he knew that it was going to be bombed. Roosevelt knew that pearl harbor was going to be bombed because Roosevelt’s secretary of war had this in his diary. “Franklin D. Roosevelt stated today that we were likely to be attacked soon as Monday…the question though is how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without to much damage or danger done to ourselves. In spite of the risk involved in letting the Japanese fire the first shot we realized that in order to have full support of the American people. It was desirable to make sure that the Japanese would be the ones to do this so that there should remain no doubt in any ones mind as to who were the aggressors””.(cavendish,643). By Roosevelt saying this it makes him seem like he has control over human life. I think that Roosevelt did have a role to play in causing the bombing of pearl harbor but IM not for sure. Pearl harbor was an incident that could have been avoided if some of these things that were mentioned were acted upon instead of not being listened to. If the Americans were not so cocky and could have seen that japan was actually more capable than they thought it could have been avoided. If the were able to do something about the number of spies on pearl harbor or if they would have had better machines to decode the coded messages. It also could have been avoided if Roosevelt would have acted on some of the messages that he received from emperor Togo or if he would of warned the people on pearl harbor live could have been saved. These are all things that could have been done to prevent the war from happening or prevent so many human lives from deign. But we can’t change what has passed. We can just look back and learn.

Music Of Early Times

Early music is based mainly on the music of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque eras. Many people like to define Early Music as ending in 1750, with the death of J.S. Bach. This is a handy date, but it misses the various stylistic changes taking place around that time, i.e. the emergence of the gallant and pre-classical idioms in close proximity to the final flowering of the baroque proper. To add even more confusion, this is also not clear-cut. As with everything else, Baroque music ended gradually and sporadically, if we are to say that it ended all. Perhaps the significant factor defining these eras as “early music” is that they do not have a continuous performance tradition. In other words, this music ceased to be performed after its time had passed and needed to be revived in our own era. This is not true of the “classical’ music of Mozart, Beethoven, et al. Which possesses a continuous performance tradition. This means that, to some degree, it is this revival which dominates EM (that is, early music as a movement), at least in spirit. Of course, things are not clear-cut here either. For instance, late Baroque composers like Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, and etc. Were revived relatively early and therefore have a fairly long performance tradition which is not dependent on the present early music movement. Now we are seeing an increasingly large number of performances of Mozart, Beethoven, and others in the content of early music; this further muddies the waters. There is the question of pre-Medieval music. While early musicians would undoubtedly be happy to claim it as their own, unfortunately there is very little surviving evidence about music from earlier times. Indeed, there are no music manuscripts from Western Europe at all. However, that doesn’t stop some people from trying to recreate what might have been heard. Since music has also been a performance tradition, classical concerts represent divergences from that tradition, based upon a new look at the original context of a composition. New composers sometimes talk about capturing the “original intentions” of an early composer. Although like any essentially psychological object, these intentions can never be thoroughly concrete. As such, that decision rests largely with the artistic intuition of the modern performer, and should be judged on their own musical merits. Occurring mainly because society today likes the different sound. In the case of pre-Baroque music, there are really little choices but to attempt to recreate the sound world of the era, in order to even approach the surviving compositions. Of course, that’s what many “early music” performers are doing, and they are consequently reviving a vast body of superlative music, which had previously been effectively last to us. This is, probably, the core of “early music.” Music today has been influenced much by early music. From a broader perspective, it is also a thoroughly modern idea that the “composer’s intentions” should matter more than what a performer chooses to do with the music in front of the composer. In fact, it has been somewhat facetiously suggested that such an approach is not the composer’s intention at all. Music is played very different, because people interpret things differently, which is why music has changed so much over time. Early music was the start of a great change in sounds. In the beginning, with early music we can tell that the ideas were mainly from the composer. Over time, people realized that they can interpret music in many different ways also. This was the first movement into new music, and I believe that early music will be played for well past my lifetime. “We live in a time of great changes, a time of transformation between major eras. Looking into the unsettling, the unfamiliar, the senselessness of a world taking a dramatic turn towards the unknown, people get lost and confused. Their fear, their need for survival even, urges them to look inside for something big, something dramatic, something inspiring, something that gives them courage to face the unknown and the strength to shape it.” (Ewen, David, pg.40) Along with a great change, there was Jazz. The start of the first real American music. With the culture change from Early, classical music. Many things changed during this time, but mainly was do to the changing in culture that influenced jazz. Some of the most accomplished musicians of our time have devoted themselves to a lifelong study of Jazz or classical music, and few exceptional musicians have actually mastered both. A comparison of classical Jazz music will yield some interesting results and could also lead to an appreciation of the abilities needed to perform or compose there kinds of music. The music called classical, found in stores and performed regularly by symphonies around the world, spans a length of time from 1600 up to the present. This time frame includes the Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic and contemporary periods. The classical period of music actually spans a time from of 1750 to 1800; thus, the term Classical is a misnomer and could more correctly be changed to Early Music or European Art Music. European because most of the major composers up till the 20th century were European. Vivaldi was Italian, Bach was German, Mozart and Beethoven were Austrian; they are some of the more prominent composers. Until the twentieth century with Gershwin and a few others did we find American composers writing this kind of art music. For the sake of convention, we can refer to Early Music as Classical music. Jazz is a distinctively American form of music, and its history occupies a much smaller span of time. Its origins are found in the early 1900s as some dance band leaders in the southern U.S. began playing music that combined ragtime and blues. Early exponents of this dance music were Jelly Roll Martin (a blues player) and Scott Joplin (ragtime). The terms of “jazz” and “jazz band” first surfaced in the year 1900. Some say this occurred in New Orleans, although similar music was played at the same time in other places. The most prominent exponents of this early music, called Dixieland Jazz, included Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechet. After World War I, Jazz music had evolved and was aided by the development of the recording industry. The small dance band ensemble grew into the larger orchestra known as the “Big Band.” The music of the Big Bands became known as “Swing.” Two of the more famous Swing band leaders were Tommy Dorsey and Harry James. In the late 40s and through the 50s, a different kind of Jazz became popular. This music, played by a very small ensemble, was much more sophisticated and complex . Its rich harmonic changes and melodic counterpoint were not conducive to dance. It became known as "Bop," with Charlie Parker and Dizzie Gillespie being the early proponents. In the last twenty years there has been a combination of Jazz with popular music of the US and Latin America. This modern Jazz music has been called "Fusion." Present day exponents include Pat Metheny and Chic Corea. There has also been a return to the sound of Bop in the last ten years by such musicians as trumpeter Winton Marsalis and his brother Branford, a saxophonist. Let's focus on the instrumentation of the two kinds of music. In Classical music, both large orchestras and small ensembles are used. Generally, the greatest and most prominent compositions are for the larger symphony orchestra. The largest part of the orchestra is the string section consisting of violins, violas, cellos and string basses. These instruments were invented very early in medieval times but really matured into their present form during the late 18th century. The wind instruments, comprised of brass and woodwinds, took longer to mature. The brass section in particular did not posses the ability to play chromatically (in all keys) until the advent of valves which allowed the length of the instrument to be changed while playing. This occurred around the middle to late 19th century. Consequently, the brass instruments are less prominent in the music of Bach, Mozart and Beethoven along with their contemporaries. Late 19th and early 20th century composers make use of a very large orchestra with all the fully developed wind instruments. Some of the master composers of this time were: Wagner, Rimskey-Korsakov, Ravel and Stravinsky. Currently, composers also make use of the full orchestra but with the addition of increasingly larger percussion sections that add many unique and unheard of sounds than in earlier music. While all these changes were happening, many other situations changed the aspect of music to the tragedy around them. World War II also influenced song, about Love and happiness, which was a major start in rock music, which will be brought up later. Early Jazz music was played in small ensembles making use of clarinet, tuba, cornet, baritone, drums, and piano. Dixieland groups of New Orleans had similar instrumentation. During the Swing era, larger groups were employed to achieve more of an orchestral sound. The Big Bands of the this era were predominantly wind orchestras containing alto and tenor sax sections, trumpet and trombone sections, along with piano and drums. When Bop music arrived, the alto saxophone and trumpet were the preferred instruments of the major soloists who were backed up by piano, string bass and drums. With the advent of Fusion, electric instruments such as the electric guitar and keyboard synthesizer became prominent. How has each of these kinds of music been transmitted to later generations of musicians? Early in the evolution of classical music, a system of notation was gradually developed which for the most part remained stable from the Renaissance on. This gave the composer control over how his compositions were to be played. Throughout the history of Jazz, however, notation was more like a rough sketch. This was because the syncopated rhythms of ragtime and the melodic riffs of the blues were not easily notated. Also, early Jazz musicians were not formally trained; they usually learned by ear. Some songs were transcribed and written down, but not in precise ways. Jazz music became more of a passed on tradition that a musician learned through interaction with other players. In a similar way, the modern Jazz musician must rely on previous recordings to get a feel for the style and technique that he desires to learn from. But in classical music, one composer can learn from an older composer by looking at and analyzing the music that the previous composer wrote down. Likewise, classical musicians can master the parts they must play by practicing the music that has been written or published beforehand. These two approaches to passing on tradition are both valid. However, without the recording medium Jazz music might have developed much differently than it has. The major element that keeps a musical group together is also an interesting contrast. In Classical music, the conductor uses a baton and plays the orchestra as if it were his instrument; he looks at a complete score of all the events happening in the composition and interprets these events based on his knowledge and intuition of what the composer intended. Jazz groups rarely utilize conductors. The swing era employed them for the sake of keeping the larger sized group together but other jazz styles did not and do not to this day. The drummer of the Jazz ensemble provides the beat that keeps the group together but even he is interacting with the other soloists as the song is performed. Perhaps the most interesting point of comparison between the two types of music is in improvisation. Improvisation is the ability to play and compose spontaneously "on the spot" (Christy Max) while the music is playing. This has been an important element of Jazz from its inception. Although improvisation was less prominent during the swing era, it regained importance with Bop and onward. Early Jazz was improvised, using ragtime and blues as a loose structure. In the swing era, an arranger arranged popular songs and soloists played improvisations over the repeating sections in order to lengthen the song for dancing. With the advent of Bop, improvisation assumed great importance. The musicians memorized the chord changes to a song, along with the melody, but then played very loosely and in the end substituted new chords along with greatly embellishing the original melody to the point of being unrecognizable. These factors, along with the ability to interact with each other, became important and remains so in the Fusion music of today. In Classical music, modern listeners are mostly unaware of the fact that many of the great composers of the past were not only excellent performers but also great improvisers. Starting with J.S. Bach (1685-1750), the greatest composer of the Baroque era, he in fact made his living through his great skill as an improviser. It was common for the Lutheran Church organist of his day be able to improvise on choral melodies and Bach was considered one of the greatest at this. There are written accounts of other composers’ improvisational abilities including Mozart (1756-1791), Beethoven (1770-1829), and Franz Liszt (1811-1886). Yet, as time went on, improvising gave way to the composer's desire to exert complete control over his music. By the late 19th century, improvising was rare and not used at all in public performances of classical music. We can say that Jazz and Classical music represent two approaches to Art Music. The Classical composer or performer has a long and rich body of music in written form that he uses to learn from while the Jazz musician uses a body of recorded music to learn. Because of it's small size, the modern Jazz ensemble allows loose interaction while the symphony orchestra's large size and diversity of instruments provides many different sounds and wide dynamic range. In classical music the composer strives for control; he uses printed music to guide and direct the musicians through the conductor. In Jazz music, the songs are loosely composed, thus forming a basis for individual expression within an ensemble, which is growing in our society. When you go to hear a symphony, you hear an orchestra conducted by the conductor playing a composition. When you go to a Jazz club you hear a small jazz ensemble interacting and improvising a song. They take different paths to reach their final form but give a person equal opportunities to appreciate the creative output of each. Along with new ideas and changes in music, rock bands were the new way to protest against society. Among all of the rock groups, one will be remembered for their voices and the songs of power that was a “revolution” in the changing of music. The Beatles were very in tune with the world around them and were greatly influenced by many ideas, cultures, and religions. In turn, their innovations and music influenced the world, even today. Early in their career, The Beatles were strongly influenced by American music. They especially idolized artists such as Bill Haley (“Rock Around the Clock Tonite”), Buddy Holly (“Peggy Sue”), and many Rhythm and Blues artists such as Willie Dixon. It’s clear in The Beatles evolution that these roots were a strong influence on the music that The Beatles created. With this combination of styles and origins, the music that The Beatles played and composed was a revolution in itself, something that hadn’t been thought of before. Some precise examples of these earth-shattering compositions are the #1 hit “Please, Please, Me”, and also a #1 hit “She Loves You”. These early Beatles tunes were instrumental in crafting their own musical style. As The Beatles matured, they began to be more perceptive to events all throughout the world and their tremendous popularity was growing day by day. The exponential growth rate of fans was so large that The Beatles were the first rock group permitted to play in, not to mention sell out the London Palladium, a grand achievement. The Palladium, until then, was a very exclusive and elegant concert hall usually reserved for the likes of the London Symphony Orchestra. Although selling out the Palladium was quite a feat, the 15 million viewers that watched the concert on the BBC was an even greater one. This was the first time in England that a rock group had established so much credibility that The Beatles were invited to play at a Royal Command Performance for the Queen. The influences of traditional British society, although already evident in their choice of attire, began to permeate their music. For example, “Yesterday” began as a heavy rock tune, but the poetic influences of Brits such as William Shakespeare turned it into the love ballad it is today. Another good example of the London influence on The Beatles in “Yesterday” is the string quartet from the London Symphony Orchestra that plays the melody. This was indicative of the influence that The Beatles had on the English music, social, and political scenes, as well as the ways in which traditional English society influenced The Beatles. 1966 began a new Beatles trend full of psychedelic drugs. Their recent release of Revolver marked the beginning of this new trend. Revolver was strongly influenced by American Professor Timothy Leary. Leary was an exceptional influence on The Beatles, especially John Lennon. Dr. Leary popularized the hallucinogen LSD, and was a major American proponent of peace and free will. Interestingly enough, when Timothy Leary decided that he was going to run for governor of California, in order to have the influence needed to truly make peace in the world, John wrote “Come Together” for Leary’s campaign. Leary also sang “Give Peace A Chance” with John and Yoko Ono. The strong drug influences are evident particularly in “Strawberry Fields Forever”(written by John Lennon), in phrases such as “Nothing is real and nothing to get hung about” and “Living is easy with eyes closed, misunderstanding all you see.” These key phrases are obvious descriptions of their recent experimentation with LSD. Songs describing John’s trips are great in number on the Magical Mystery Tour album that was released in 1967. Examples of these are “Penny Lane” and “I Am the Walrus”. “Penny Lane” deals with John’s interpretation of a trip while crossing Penny Lane, and while in the park on Penny Lane. “I Am the Walrus” is one of the first true examples of Paul’s drug use and identifies with his fantasy of being a walrus. Drugs had a strong influence on The Beatles, and their musical interpretations caused by drugs helped to influence drug culture in the world, not just among their fans, but among many youths. Another Beatles innovation was the utilization of Indian instruments in their music. They began to implement use of the sitar and tabla in many songs, especially on the White Album, which was released in 1968, a year coinciding with a Beatles visit to India. Cultures and people influenced these changes in music. I chose to expand on the Beatles because they are the absolute best example of how rock music is different than Classical, but they were just due to changes in time. Meditation and finding oneself also became an important part of Beatles life. This Hindu and Buddhist ritual appealed to the band because it helped them to write better songs. This led to the downfall of The Beatles as they began to argue over songs and styles; their excursions within themselves had backfired and turned them against each other. The Beatles were the most influential rock group in all of history, but they couldn’t have had such a great effect on the world without their many inspirations. They seemed to take the best of different cultures and combine them in their music to create a diverse and interesting sound. Without The Beatles, the world would be a much different place today. Over time we can tell that music changed for many reasons. I am sure that there are many other groups, other than the examples above that influenced the change in music. From Early music, to Modern Rock and Jazz there is a major difference in the sound, but it is still influenced by classical music.

Technology Different

General term for the processes by which human beings fashion tools and Machines to increase their control and understanding of the material environment. The Term is derived from the Greek words tekhne, which refers to an art or craft, and logia, Meaning an area of study; thus, technology means, literally, the study, or science, of Crafting. As technology evolves, scientist and historians say that technology grows at A geometric rate without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These Innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected Social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a Destructive process. Technology Has been evolving with us since the beginning of the Prehistoric age, from the simplest off tools of the cave men to the now present future. Electronic fiber optic cables and the computerized artificial intelligence. Technology is Very important in our society, with out it we would not be able to survive in our ever Changing society. Imagine is someone didn't invent transportation. We would have not Discovered the other continents. Or not having the technology to cope with our ever Growing population. We would have run out of enough supply of food to feed ourselves. How about if cave men didn't discover fire? We would have not survive even just for a Day. All these things we owe to technology, so we must harness what it has to offer And further improve our society. Inventions That Have Changed Our Lives: Telephone: In the field of communication one of the most famous and useful invention In our modern society is the telephone. Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, he has Made our life so much easier and more productive. Saying that he has made an impact To society would be an understatement. These telephones transmit electronic pulses That would then be converted to sound that is comprehendible to us humans, but These telephones are big and bulky and they need wires to transmit these pulses. Then Came the invention called A cellular telephone that designed to give the user maximum Freedom of movement while using a telephone. A cellular telephone uses radio signals To communicate between the set and an antenna. The served area is divided into cells something like a honeycomb, and an antenna is placed within each cell and connected by telephone lines to one exchange devoted to cellular telephone calls. This exchange connects cellular telephones to one another or transfers the call to a regular exchange if the call is between a cellular telephone and a noncellular telephone. The special cellular exchange, through computer control, selects the antenna closest to the telephone when service is requested. As the telephone roams, the exchange automatically determines when to change the serving cell based on the power of the radio signal received simultaneously at adjacent sites. This change occurs without interrupting conversation. Practical power considerations limit the distance between the telephone and the nearest cellular antenna, and since cellular phones use radio signals, it is very easy for unauthorized people to access communications carried out over cellular phones. Currently, digital cellular phones are gaining in popularity because the radio signals are harder to intercept and decode. Also the fast growing popular video phones that work like a normal telephone but includes the ability to transmit videos through the use of a small camera. although these video phones are not yet popular in our present society. they will soon be in every home in the world. Pagers: not all inventions that where once practical remain practical. one example are the invention of pagers. although these pagers are still currently used in our society they in my own opinion have out lived there use. these pagers where used during the early 90s for the reason that they are more reliable, less expensive and more portable than a cellphone. but now cellphones are cheaper and come in sizes that are almost as small as a pager. so these pagers have out lived there use and are now impractical to use in some countries. but in the Philippines we have still retained it for they are "free" compared to a cellphone. Satellite Band Radio (SBR) Satellite Band Radios are virtually unheard off in our country. these radios are like normal radios but use satellites to transmit there information instead of the normal analog radio waves used. the use of these satellite radios give us better variety in the programs we listen to. and will infact make the change of information faster and easier from country to country. for a person will receive same information virtually at same time as other radios abroad. Internet: internet is a term used for the interconnection of computer networks that enables connected machines to communicate directly and transmit data to any place in the world. in this part of the paper i will talk about the communication possibilities of the internet. First is the E-mail the E-mail is one of the first applications used in the internet. an E-mail is like sending a regular mail to someone, but instead of waiting a long time for the person to receive the mail, a person can get it in less than a second. and then can reply to you just as fast. it works buy sending data to lots of interconnected computers to a server that then sends it over to the person the mail is address to in less than a second. another program is the ICQ. The ICQ basically works just like a pager. but with so much more, you can exchange files, chat, play games and so on. also there is the IRC or Internet chat. these programs are just like the two programs but it is done in real time and the amount of people you can talk to at a time is almost endless. Television: The television is one invention that is certainly very much used today. A Television has a variety of applications in society, business, and science. The most common use of television is as a source of information and entertainment for viewers in their homes. Security personnel also use televisions to monitor buildings, manufacturing plants, and numerous public facilities. Public utility employees use television to monitor the condition of an underground sewer line, using a camera attached to a robot arm or remote-control vehicle. Doctors can probe the interior of a human body with a microscopic television camera without having to conduct major surgery on the patient. Educators use television to reach students throughout the world. there are basically two forms of television used today they are the satellite and the cable television. the satellite t.v. transmits channels through the use of satellites. while a cable t.v. uses cables to send channels. although these are also sent through satellites to a cable operator and then digested through cables to our t.v. soon television will be intertwined with the net. you can surf and watch television at same time using a cable or a satellite. the new televisions that are being sold to the market are now laced with new features like PnP and automatic adjusting color t.v.s that change with its surroundings. Computers: People use computers in a wide variety of ways. In business, computers track inventories with bar codes and scanners, check the credit status of customers, and transfer funds electronically. In homes, tiny computers embedded in the electronic circuitry of most appliances control the indoor temperature, operate home security systems, tell the time, and turn videocassette recorders on and off. Computers in automobiles regulate the flow of fuel, thereby increasing gas mileage. Computers also entertain, creating digitized sound on stereo systems or computer-animated features from a digitally encoded laser disc. also the use of the internet with virtually infinite possibilities through the use of interconnected computers. Computer programs, or applications, exist to aid every level of education, from programs that teach simple addition or sentence construction to advanced calculus. Educators use computers to track grades and prepare notes; with computer-controlled projection units, they can add graphics, sound, and animation to their lectures. Computers are used extensively in scientific research to solve mathematical problems, display complicated data, or model systems that are too costly or impractical to build, such as testing the air flow around the next generation of space shuttles. The military employs computers in sophisticated communications to encode and unscramble messages, and to keep track of personnel and supplies. Medical Drugs: The use of immunization to prevent disease predated the knowledge of both infection and immunology. In China in approximately 600 BC, smallpox material was inoculated through the nostrils. Inoculation of healthy people with a tiny amount of material from smallpox sores was first attempted in England in 1718 and later in America. Those who survived the inoculation became immune to smallpox. American statesman Thomas Jefferson traveled from his home in Virginia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to undergo this risky procedure. A significant breakthrough came in 1796 when British physician Edward Jenner discovered that he could immunize patients against smallpox by inoculating them with material from cowpox sores. Cowpox is a far milder disease that, unlike smallpox, carries little risk of death or disfigurement. Jenner inserted matter from cowpox sores into cuts he made on the arm of a healthy eight- year-old boy. The boy caught cowpox. However, when Jenner exposed the boy to smallpox eight weeks later, the child did not contract the disease. The vaccination with cowpox had made him immune to the smallpox virus. Today we know that the cowpox virus antigens are so similar to those of the smallpox virus that they trigger the body's defenses against both diseases. In 1885, Louis Pasteur created the first successful vaccine against rabies for a young boy who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. Over the course of ten days, Pasteur injected progressively more virulent rabies organisms into the boy, causing the boy to develop immunity in time to avert death from this disease. Another major milestone in the use of vaccination to prevent disease occurred with the efforts of two American physician-researchers. In 1954 Jonas Salk introduced an injectable vaccine containing an inactivated virus to counter the epidemic of poliomyelitis. Subsequently, Albert Sabin made great strides in the fight against this paralyzing disease by developing an oral vaccine containing a live weakened virus. Since the introduction of the Sabin vaccine in 1961, polio has been nearly eliminated in many parts of the world. As more vaccines are developed, a new generation of combined vaccines are becoming available that will allow physicians to administer a single shot for multiple diseases. Work is also under way to develop additional orally administered vaccines and vaccines for sexually transmitted diseases. Possible future vaccines may include, for example, one that would temporarily prevent pregnancy. Such a vaccine would still operate by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack antigens, but in this case the antigens would be those of the hormones that are necessary for pregnancy. The German chemist Felix Hoffman synthesized the acetyl derivative of salicylic acid also called aspirin in 1893 in response to the urging of his father, who took salicylic acid for rheumatism. Aspirin is currently the first-choice drug for fever, mild to moderate pain, and inflammation due to arthritis or injury. Of the few anesthetic agents known to the ancients, opium and hemp were the most important. Both were taken by ingestion or by burning the drug and inhaling the smoke. Nitrous oxide, discovered by the British chemist Sir Humphry Davy about 1800, was first used as an anesthetic in 1844 by the American dentist Horace Wells. In 1842 the American surgeon Crawford Long successfully used ethyl ether as a general anesthetic during surgery. He failed to publish his findings, however, and credit for the discovery of the anesthetic properties of ether was given to the American dentist William Morton, who in 1846 publicly demonstrated its use during a tooth extraction. In 1847 the British physician Sir James Simpson discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform. Many other general anesthetics have since been discovered. without these medicines it would be hard for us to cope with the deseases that come our way. Radioactive Therapy and Diagnosis: (Radiology) Radiology had its origin in the discovery of X rays by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. Roentgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in physics for his work. Medical images have subsequently been produced by means of other forms of radiant energy. Thus, ultrahigh-frequency sound waves may be so used and in the technique called magnetic resonance imaging, the images are obtained by recording the difference in relaxation time of tissue nuclei in an electromagnetic field. For this reason the term medical imaging has been proposed as more accurate than the traditional term diagnostic radiology. Therapeutic radiology, also referred to as radiation oncology, has as its principal basis the use of ionizing radiation. Increasingly common, however, is the use in conjunction with radiation therapy of other forms of treatment, such as hyperthermia. all these radioactive procedures are same they just vary in the intensity of radiation they use. chemoteraphy for example is letting the patient be bombarded with radiation to treat cancerus cells that have invaded a persons body. the CT scaner and the MRI scaner are both machines use to diagnose people to find out whats wrong with there body. for some deseases can't be detected by just looking at a persons physical aspect. these desises are internal and must be diagnosed and trated with radiation for them to be seen. Weapons and Defense: Handguns, or pistols, as they are also known, were not popular until after the development of the wheel lock, the first practical mechanical ignition device, in the first half of the 16th century. Most early handguns were too cumbersome to be carried in a holster by anyone on foot, and the short barrels limited their accuracy and the distance they could propel bullets. As a result, handguns were primarily used by cavalry troops in what amounted to hit-and-run tactics. As ignition systems were improved, it became possible to reduce the overall size and weight of handguns, until during the 18th century they became equally popular for use by foot soldiers. From the last half of the 17th century to the first quarter of the 19th century, most European and United States military handguns had flintlock. and barrels 23 to 30 cm. in length; smaller pocket handguns were also made for civilian use. No significant improvements were made, however, until after 1836, when the American inventor Samuel Colt patented a revolver design combining the metal percussion cap, interchangeable mass-produced parts, and the revolving cylinder, which rotated and locked automatically when the hammer was cocked. Improvements in ammunition were introduced with the development of the self-primed metallic cartridge in the mid-19th century. Minor improvements in revolver design continued until the beginning of the 20th century, when emphasis in development was redirected to the magazine-loaded semiautomatic handgun. Since then, the semiautomatic has steadily gained in popularity and is now the primary military handgun of the world. It is gradually replacing the revolver for police use. Modern semiautomatic handguns carry two or three times more ammunition than revolvers and are faster to reload. Their flat configuration generally makes them easier to conceal. Even with the increased ammunition capacity, using newly developed lightweight materials makes their loaded weight about the same as that of older designs. Proponents of revolvers claim greater accuracy, reliability, and safety, however, so it is unlikely that semiautomatics will totally replace revolvers. In fact, muzzle-loading pistols and revolvers continue to be used for sport and specialized worldwide competition. also bombs are used in todays world to protect nations from invading ones. and thus came the invention In the early 1970s new types of conventional bombs, the so-called smart or guided bombs, were developed for precision bombing in Vietnam. Maneuverable bombs guided by a laser beam directed from the aircraft and reflected from the target can destroy such targets as tanks or emplacements on contact. Other types can be designed to guide themselves to targets radiating heat, such as power plants, or can be guided to the target from the delivery aircraft. In the latter case the bomb transmits a picture of the target picked up by an on-board television camera. Remote operating devices can then guide the bomb into direct contact with a bridge, for example, or other objective. Laser-guided bombs can be used at night; television-camera guided weapons are limited to daylight use, however. and The A-bomb was developed, constructed, and tested by the Manhattan Project, a massive United States enterprise that was established in August 1942, during World War II. Many prominent American scientists including the physicists Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer, and the chemist Harold Urey, were associated with the project, which was headed by a U.S. Army engineer, Major General Leslie Groves. these forms of weaponry may be destructive in most cases but they do play a vital role in protecting ones self in the society we live in. The advantages and disadvantages of technology: Technology plays a vital role in our society. without it we can't evolve and cope up with the ever changing world we live in. some of its advantages are the increase in efficiency and productivity of how we do and manage things. we can do things twice as fast and twice more efficient than we did a century ago. and this makes up for the growing population of the world, so that everyone may have enough to support themselves and satisfy there needs. Technology gives us larger possibilities by giving us ideas that we haven’t thought about in the past. we can do more things now that technology has helped us evolve. it further enhances our perspective in the things we do. and makes simpler solutions in the problems we face everyday. it also gives us easier accessibility and mobility. it makes production move faster. communication more efficient and cost worthy. we can now get information almost anywhere and with these information we get, we use them in our daily lives. but not everything that technology has to offer is good. for every advantages technology gives us it also comes with a subsequent disadvantages. some of them are the complexities of society. not everyone can cope with the advancements of technology. these people can get left behind. everything becomes more complicated and what is expected of us also grows. life was more simple in the old days. but due to technology everything has become more complex. another is the increase of indolence in our society. since everything has become more accessible and more convenient people tend to log off and become lazy. this is a very big problem to us. it decreases our morality and soon we will be so engulfed in it we cant get out from its grip. with better solutions and easier work load comes the over dependence of people to technology. the tend not to think for them selves anymore and let technology take over there lives. this is bad for its makes us the slaves of technology instead of us controlling them they are the ones that control us. technology is important in every society. but if we insist on using and depending on it a lot it can also destroy us. so we must think for ourselves if it is worth it and use it as we see fit.